SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - The U.S. National Security Agency has figured out how to hide spying
software deep within hard drives made by Western Digital, Seagate, Toshiba and other top manufacturers,
giving the agency the means to eavesdrop on the majority of the world's computers, according to cyber
researchers and former operatives.
That long-sought and closely guarded ability was part of a cluster of spying programs discovered by
Kaspersky Lab, the Moscow-based security software maker that has exposed a series of Western
cyberespionage operations.
Kaspersky said it found personal computers in 30 countries infected with one or more of the spying
programs, with the most infections seen in Iran, followed by Russia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Mali,
Syria, Yemen and Algeria. The targets included government and military institutions, telecommunication
companies, banks, energy companies, nuclear researchers, media, and Islamic activists, Kaspersky said.
(http://reut.rs/1L5knm0)
The firm declined to publicly name the country behind the spying campaign, but said it was closely linked
to Stuxnet, the NSA-led cyberweapon that was used to attack Iran's uranium enrichment facility. The NSA
is the U.S. agency responsible for gathering electronic intelligence.
A former NSA employee told Reuters that Kaspersky's analysis was correct, and that people still in the spy
agency valued these espionage programs as highly as Stuxnet. Another former intelligence operative
confirmed that the NSA had developed the prized technique of concealing spyware in hard drives, but said
he did not know which spy efforts relied on it.
NSA spokeswoman Vanee Vines said the agency was aware of the Kaspersky report but would not
comment on it publicly.
Kaspersky on Monday published the technical details of its research on Monday, a move that could help
infected institutions detect the spying programs, some of which trace back as far as 2001. (http://
bit.ly/17bPUUe)
The disclosure could hurt the NSA's surveillance abilities, already damaged by massive leaks by former
contractor Edward Snowden. Snowden's revelations have upset some U.S. allies and slowed the sales of
U.S. technology products abroad.
The exposure of these new spying tools could lead to greater backlash against Western technology,
particularly in countries such as China, which is already drafting regulations that would require most bank
technology suppliers to proffer copies of their software code for inspection.
Peter Swire, one of five members of U.S. President Barack Obama's Review Group on Intelligence and
Communications Technology, said the Kaspersky report showed that it is essential for the country to
consider the possible impact on trade and diplomatic relations before deciding to use its knowledge of
software flaws for intelligence gathering.
"There can be serious negative effects on other U.S. interests," Swire said.
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGH
According to Kaspersky, the spies made a technological breakthrough by figuring out how to lodge
malicious software in the obscure code called firmware that launches every time a computer is turned on.
Disk drive firmware is viewed by spies and cybersecurity experts as the second-most valuable real estate
on a PC for a hacker, second only to the BIOS code invoked automatically as a computer boots up.
"The hardware will be able to infect the computer over and over," lead Kaspersky researcher Costin Raiu
said in an interview.
Though the leaders of the still-active espionage campaign could have taken control of thousands of PCs,
giving them the ability to steal files or eavesdrop on anything they wanted, the spies were selective and
only established full remote control over machines belonging to the most desirable foreign targets,
according to Raiu. He said Kaspersky found only a few especially high-value computers with the hard-
drive infections.
Kaspersky's reconstructions of the spying programs show that they could work in disk drives sold by more
than a dozen companies, comprising essentially the entire market. They include Western Digital Corp,
Seagate Technology Plc, Toshiba Corp, IBM, Micron Technology Inc and Samsung Electronics Co Ltd.
Western Digital, Seagate and Micron said they had no knowledge of these spying programs. Toshiba and
Samsung declined to comment. IBM did not respond to requests for comment.
GETTING THE SOURCE CODE
Raiu said the authors of the spying programs must have had access to the proprietary source code that
directs the actions of the hard drives. That code can serve as a roadmap to vulnerabilities, allowing those
who study it to launch attacks much more easily.
"There is zero chance that someone could rewrite the [hard drive] operating system using public
information," Raiu said.
Concerns about access to source code flared after a series of high-profile cyberattacks on Google Inc and
other U.S. companies in 2009 that were blamed on China. Investigators have said they found evidence
that the hackers gained access to source code from several big U.S. tech and defense companies.
It is not clear how the NSA may have obtained the hard drives' source code. Western Digital spokesman
Steve Shattuck said the company "has not provided its source code to government agencies." The other
hard drive makers would not say if they had shared their source code with the NSA.
Seagate spokesman Clive Over said it has "secure measures to prevent tampering or reverse engineering of
its firmware and other technologies." Micron spokesman Daniel Francisco said the company took the
security of its products seriously and "we are not aware of any instances of foreign code."
According to former intelligence operatives, the NSA has multiple ways of obtaining source code from tech
companies, including asking directly and posing as a software developer. If a company wants to sell
products to the Pentagon or another sensitive U.S. agency, the government can request a security audit to
make sure the source code is safe.
"They don't admit it, but they do say, 'We're going to do an evaluation, we need the source code,'" said
Vincent Liu, a partner at security consulting firm Bishop Fox and former NSA analyst. "It's usually the NSA
doing the evaluation, and it's a pretty small leap to say they're going to keep that source code."
The NSA declined to comment on any allegations in the Kaspersky report. Vines said the agency complies
with the law and White House directives to protect the United States and its allies "from a wide array of
serious threats."
Kaspersky called the authors of the spying program "the Equation group," named after their embrace of
complex encryption formulas.
The group used a variety of means to spread other spying programs, such as by compromising jihadist
websites, infecting USB sticks and CDs, and developing a self-spreading computer worm called Fanny,
Kaspersky said.
Fanny was like Stuxnet in that it exploited two of the same undisclosed software flaws, known as "zero
days," which strongly suggested collaboration by the authors, Raiu said. He added that it was "quite
possible" that the Equation group used Fanny to scout out targets for Stuxnet in Iran and spread the virus.
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